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GeneticsDNA is the key to genetics

All the information your body needs to function is inside the nucleus of every cell inside your body.  The nucleus contains detailed information for the cell of its role.  The information is what we call DNA.  This blueprint, or DNA molecule, is the building block of the entire body.  Many DNA molecules are combined into a double helix which is what typically see when DNA is displayed. 

DNA strands are made up of combinations of four letters: G (Guanine), A (Adenine), T (Thymine), and C (Cytosine).  These letters combine to make up pairs.  A and T are always together and C and G are always together.  When the letters are combined into sentences, they are called genes.

Genes order the cells to make protein molecules which enable the cells to perform special functions as programmed.  Some cells are programmed to carry oxygen throughout the body while others determine the color of the eyes.

Each of our 100 trillion cells has a job.  The cell has thousands of proteins which were designed to work together to make the cell function. 

Many of these traits are passed along from one generation to another.  Each parent passes along a random set of 23 chromosomes to a child (half of the parent's 46).  When the child is conceived, it takes the 23 chromosomes from each parent and has the perfect number of 46.  Each person has 22 pairs of autosomes (which get smaller in size  the further down the numbers you go) number which look the same in males and females.  The 23rd pair of chromosomes are different though.  Females have two X chromosomes, while males have one X and one Y chromosome.  Because each parent can pass along chromosomes from either side of their DNA strand, no two children are exactly alike (except for twins).

Children inherit different traits from the parents.  Physical traits and behavioral traits are both passed along.  If both parents have the same trait, chances are the child will have that trait.

Your environment can also play a part in your makeup.

Mutations can be an inherited trait from a parent and is in virtually every cell of the body.  Mutations that occur in an egg cell or sperm cell or just after the egg is fertilized are the cause of genetic disorders.  These occur even if there is no family history of the genetic disorder.

Mutations can occur after a person is born and are caused by environmental reasons.  This cannot be passed on to descendants.

Down syndrome is occurs when  a person has an extra chromosome 21.  They have 47 chromosomes in each cell.

Cancer cells have changes in their number of chromosomes.